SIO 210: Bibliography (Talley portion, 1997)

Table of Contents

  1. Physical properties of seawater and physical setting
  2. Direct current measurements, examples from the North Atlantic
  3. Forcing
  4. Atlases
  5. Circulation (global)
  6. Water masses (general or global)
  7. North Atlantic water masses and circulation
  8. South Atlantic water masses and circulation
  9. Pacific water masses and circulation
  10. Indian Ocean water masses and circulation
  11. California Current and other eastern boundary currents
  12. Equatorial circulation
  13. Indian monsoon
  14. El Nino/Southern Oscillation
  15. Atlantic interannual variability
  16. Pacific interannual variability

Physical properties of seawater and physical setting

Fofonoff, N.P., 1962. Physical properties of seawater. In The Sea: Ideas and observations on progress in the study of the seas, Vol, 1: Physical Oceanography. M.N. Hill, ed., Wiley, Interscience, new York, pp. 3-30.

Fofonoff, N.P., 1985. Physical properties of seawater: new salinity scale and equation of state for seawater. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3332-3342.

Gill text, pp. 39-45

Ivers, W. D., 1976. The deep circulation in the northern North Atlantic Ocean, with especial reference to the Labrador Sea. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, San Diego.

Jackett, D.R and T. J. McDougall, 1997. A neutral density variable for the world's oceans. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 27, 237-263.

Lewis, E.L. and R.G. Perkin, 1981. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978; conversion of existing data. Deep-Sea Res., 28A, 307-328.

Lynn, R.J. and J.L. Reid, 1968. Characteristics and circulation of deep and abyssal waters. Deep-Sea Res., 15, 577-598.

Mantyla, A., 1987. Standard seawater comparisons updated. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 543-548.

McDougall, T. J., 1987. Neutral surfaces. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1950-1964.

McLellan text, chap 1, 3-9 (earth dimensions etc.)

McLellan text, chapters 3.1-3.5, 4, 5 (prop of seawater)

Montgomery, R.B., 1937. A suggested method for representing gradient flow in isentropic surfaces. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 18, 210-212.

Pickard and Emery text, ch. 3 (12-23) (properties of seawater)

Pond and Pickard text, chapter 8.2-8.3. (dynamic height)

UNESCO, 1981. Background papers and supporting data on the practical salinity scale, 1978. Unesco Tech. Pap. in Mar. Sci., 37, 144 pp.

UNESCO tables, 1983. (Fofonoff and Millard) Includes fortran code. (More mathematical description in Fofonoff, The Sea, Dynamics of Ocean Currents, 335-337, not required reading.)

Von Arx text, 38-42 (earth orbit)

Direct current measurements, examples from the North Atlantic

Cheney, Marsh and Beckley, 1983. Global sealevel variability from collinear tracks of SEASAT altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res., 18, 4343-4354.

Davis, R.E., 1991. Lagrangian ocean studies. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23, 43-64.

Owens, W.B., 1991. A statistical description of the mean circulation and eddy variability in the northwestern Atlantic using SOFAR floats. Prog. in Oceanogr., , 257-303.

Richardson, P.L., 1985. Average velocity and transport of the Gulf Stream near 55\(deW. J. Mar. Res., 43, 83-111.

Schmitz, W.J., 1980. Weakly depth-dependent segments of the North Atlantic circulation. J. Mar. Res., 38, 111-133.

Forcing

Barnier, B., L. Siefridt and P. Marchesiello, 1994. Thermal forcing for a global ocean circulation model using a three-year climatology of ECMWF analyses. J. Marine Systems, 6, 363-380.

Baumgartner, A. and E. Reichel, 1975. The world water balance. Elsevier, 179 pp. (global maps of evaporation-precipitation etc.)

Hall, M. and H.L. Bryden, 1982. Direct estimates and mechanisms of ocean heat transport. Deep-Sea Res., 29, 339-359.

Hellerman, S. and M. Rosenstein, 1983. Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1093-1104.

Hsiung, J., 1985. Estimates of global oceanic meridional heat transport. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1405-1413.

Leetmaa, A. and A. Bunker, 1978. Updated charts of the mean annual wind stress, convergences in the Ekman layers, and Sverdrup transports in the North Atlantic. J. Mar. Res., 36, 311-322.

Schmitt, R., P. Bogden, C. Dorman, 1989. Evaporation minus precipitation and density fluxes for the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1208-1221.

Wijffels, S. E., R. W. Schmitt, H. L. Bryden and A. Stigebrandt, 1992. Transport of freshwater by the oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 155-162.

Atlases

Geosecs atlases: Pacific, Atlantic and Indian

Fuglister, F. C., 1960. Atlantic Ocean Atlas of temperature and salinity profiles and data from the IGY of 1957-1958. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Atlas Series, 1, 209 pp.

Levitus, S., 1982. Climatological atlas of the world ocean. NOAA Prof. Paper 13, 173 pp.

Levitus, S., National Oceanographic Data Center inventory of physical oceanographic profiles: global distributions by year for all countries. NOAA Key to Oceanographic Records Documentation No. 18, 242 pp.

Worthington, L.V. and W.R. Wright, 1970. North Atlantic Ocean Atlas of Potential temperature and salinity in the deep water. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Atlas Series, 2, 24 pp. and 58 plates.

Wright, W.R. and L.V. Worthington, 1970. The water masses of the North Atlantic Ocean: a volumetric census of temperature and salinity. Serial atlas of the marine environment, folio 19. New York: American Geographical Society. 9 pp.

Wyrtki, K., 1971. Oceanographic Atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. National Science Foundation, lots of pages.

Circulation (global)

Broecker, W.S., 1991. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography, 4, 79-89.

Gordon, A.L., 1986. Interocean exchange of thermocline water. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5037-5046.

Mantyla, A. and J.L. Reid, 1983. Abyssal characteristics of the World Ocean waters. Deep-Sea Res., 30, 805-833.

Pickard and Emery text, chapter 7.

Reid, J.L., 1981. On the mid-depth circulation of the World Ocean. In Evolution of Physical Oceanography, MIT Press, 70-111.

Reid, J.L. and R. J. Lynn, 1971. On the influence of the Norwegian-Greenland and Weddell seas upon the bottom waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans. Deep-Sea Res., 18, 1063-1088.

Schmitz, W. J., 1995. On the interbasin-scale thermohaline circulation. Rev. Geophys., 33, 151-173.

Sverdrup et al, 1942. The Oceans, chapter 15.

Warren, B.A., 1981. Deep circulation of the World Ocean. In Evolution of Physical Oceanography, MIT Press, 6-41.

Water masses (general or global)

Iselin, C.O., 1939. The influence of vertical and lateral turbulence on the characteristics of the waters at mid-depths. Trans. of the Amer. Geophys. Union, 1939, 414-417.

McCartney, M.S., 1977. Subantarctic Mode Water. In A Voyage of Discovery, ed. M. Angel, Pergamon Press, 103-120.

McCartney, M.S., 1982. The subtropical recirculation of Mode Waters. J. Mar. Res., 40 (suppl.), 427-464.

Montgomery, R. B., 1938. Circulation in upper layers of southern North Atlantic deduced with use of isentropic analysis. Papers Phys. Oceanogra. and Met., 6, no. 2.

Schmitt, R.W., 1981. Form of the temperature-salinity relationship in the Central Water: evidence for double-diffusive mixing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1015-1026.

Worthington, L.V., 1981. The water masses of the world ocean: some results of a fine-scale census. In Evolution of Physical Oceanography, MIT Press, 42-69.

North Atlantic water masses and circulation

Dickson, R.R., and J.Brown, 1994, The production of North Atlantic Deep Water: sources, rates and pathways, J.Geophys.Res. 99, 12319-12341.

Jenkins, W. J. and P.B. Rhines, 1980. Tritium in the deep North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 286, 877-880.

Lee, A. and D. Ellett, 1965. On the contribution of overflow water from the Norwegian Sea to the hydrographic structure of the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 12, 129-142.

McCartney, M.S., 1992. Recirculating components to the deep boundary current of the northern North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr., 29, 283-383. (lots of vertical sections, circulation schematics)

McCartney, M.S. and L.D. Talley, 1982. The subpolar mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1169-1188.

Ochoa, J. and N. A. Bray, 1991. Water mass exchange in the Gulf of Cadiz. Deep-Sea Res., 38, S465-504. (Med. water sections)

Reid, J.L., 1978. On the middepth circulation and salinity field in the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 5063-5067.

Reid, J.L., 1979. On the contribution of the Mediterranean Sea outflow to the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 26, 1199-1223.

Reid, J.L., 1994. On the total geostrophic circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean: flow patterns, tracers and transports. Progr. in Oceanogr., 33, 1-92.

Roemmich, D. and C. Wunsch, 1985. Two transatlantic sections: meridional circulation and heat flux in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 32, 619-664.

Sarmiento, J.L., C.G.H.Rooth and W. Roether, 1982. The North Atlantic tritium distribution in 1972. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8047-8056.

Saunders, P. M., 1990. Cold outflow from the Faroe Bank Channel, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 29-43.

Saunders, P. M., 1994, The flux of of overflow water through the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12343-12355.

Schmitz, W.J. and M. S. McCartney, 1993. On the North Atlantic circulation. Rev. of Geophysics, 31, 29-49.

Stommel, H. P. Niiler, and D. Anati, 1978. Dynamic topography and recirculation of the North Atlantic. J. Mar. Res., 36, 450-468.

Swallow, J. C. and L.V. Worthington, 1961. An observation of a deep countercurrent in the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res., 8, 1-19.

Talley, L. D., 1996. North Atlantic circulation, reviewed for the CNLS conference. Physica D, in press.

Talley, L.D. and M.S. McCartney, 1982. Distribution and circulation of Labrador Sea Water., J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1189-1205.

Tsuchiya,M., 1989. Circulation of the Antarctic Intermediate Water in the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Res., 47, 747-755.

Tsuchiya, M., L.D. Talley and M.S. McCartney, 1992. An eastern Atlantic section from iceland southward across the equator. Deep-Sea Res., 39, 1885-1917. (20\(deW sections)

Worthington, L.V., 1976. On the North Atlantic circulation. Johns Hopkins Oceanographic studies, 6. (Look at ch. 13 - 18\(de Water, ch. 14 - salinity maximum water, ch. 3 - NADW. Skim other chapters for further reading if you wish.)

Wust, G., 1935. The stratosphere of the Atlantic Ocean. Translated by W.J. Emery, Amerind, 1978.

Zenk, W., 1975. On the Mediterranean outflow west of Gibraltar. Meteor Forsch.- Ergebnisse, A (16), 23-24.

South Atlantic water masses and circulation

Broecker, W.S. ,T. Takahashi and Y.-H. Li, 1976. Hydrography of the central Atlantic - I. the two-degree discontinuity. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 1083-1104.

Peterson, R. G. and L. Stramma, 1991. Upper-level circulation in the South Atlantic Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 26, 1-73.

Reid, J.L., 1989. On the total geostrophic circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean: flow patterns, tracers and transports. Prog. in Oceanogr., 23, 149-244.

Rintoul, S., 1991. South Atlantic Interbasin exchange. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2675-2692.

Tsuchiya, M., 1985. Evidence of a double-cell subtropical gyre in the South Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Res., 32, 57-65.

Tsuchiya, M., L.D. Talley and M.S. McCartney, 1994. Water-mass distributions in the western South Atlantic - a section from South Georgia Island (54S) northward across the equator. J. Mar. Res., 52, 55-81.

Pacific water masses and circulation

Craig, H., 1969. Abyssal carbon and radiocarbon in the Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 74, 5491-5506.

Dodimead, A.J., F. Favorite and T. Hirano, 1962. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, Bulletin Number 13: Salmon of the North Pacific, Part II.

Favorite, F., A.J. Dodimead and K.Nasu, 1976. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, Bulletin Number 33: Oceanography of the subarctic Pacific region, 1960-71.

Hasunuma, K. and K. Yoshida, 1978. Splitting of the subtropical gyre in the western North Pacific. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 34, 160-172.

Hayward, T. L., 1987. The nutrient distribution and primary production in the central North Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1593-1627.

Ishizaki, H., 1994. A simulation of the abyssal circulation in the North Pacific Ocean, Part 1: Flow field and comparison with observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press.

Johnson, G. C. and J. M. Toole, 1993. Flow of deep and bottom waters in the Pacific at 10-degrees-N. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 371-394.

Lupton, J.E. and H. Craig, 1981. A major helium-3 source at 15\(deS on the East Pacific Rise. Science, 214, 13-18.

Masuzawa, J., 1969. Subtropical Mode Water. Deep-Sea Res., 16, 453-472.

Mizuno, K. and W.B. White, 1983. Annual and itnerannual variability in the Kuroshio current system. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1847-1867.

Niiler, P.P., W.J. Schmitz and D.-K. Lee, 1985. Geostrophic volume transport in high eddy-energy areas of the Kuroshio Extension and Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 825-843.

Nitani, H., 1972. Beginning of the Kuroshio. In: Kuroshio, physical aspects of the Japan Current, H. Stommel and K.Yoshida, editors, U. Washington Press, Seattle, pp. 129-164.

Nitani, H., 1975. Variation of the Kuroshio south of Japan. J. Oceanogr. Soc. of Japan, 31, 154-173.

Reid, J.L., 1982. On the use of dissolved oxygen concentration as an indicator of winter convection. Naval Research Reviews, 34, 28-39.

Reid, J.L., 1965. Intermediate waters of the Pacific Ocean. Johns Hopkins Oceanographic Studies, Number 2.

Reid, J.L., 1969. Sea-surface temperature, salinity, and density of the Pacific Ocean in summer and in winter. Deep-Sea Res., 16 (suppl), 214-224.

Reid, J.L., 1986. On the total geostrophic circulation of the South Pacific Ocean: flow patterns, tracers and transports. Prog. in Oceanogr., 16, 1-61.

Reid, J.L. and R.S. Arthur, 1975. Interpretation of maps of geopotential anomaly for the deep Pacific Ocean. J. Mar. Res., (suppl), 33, 37-52.

Roemmich, D.L. and T. McCallister, 1989. Large scale circulation of the North Pacific Ocean. Prog. in Oceanography, 22, 171-204. (read for general ideas; please don't worry about the method - section 4).

Schmitz, W., 1984. Observations of the vertical structure of the eddy field in the Kuroshio Extension. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6355-6364.

Talley, L.D, 1991. An Okhotsk Sea water anomaly: implications for ventilation in the North Pacific. Deep-Sea. Res., 38 (Suppl.), S171-190.

Talley, L. D., 1993. Distribution and formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 517-537.

Talley, L. D., 1995. Some advances in understanding of the general circulation of the Pacific Ocean, with emphasis on recent U.S. contributions. Rev. Geophys., Suppl., U.S. Nat'l. Report to IUGG 1991-1994, 1335-1352.

Talley, L. D. and G. C. Johnson, 1994. Deep, zonal subequatorial currents. Science, 263, 1125-1128.

Talley, L.D., T.M. Joyce and R. A. deSzoeke, 1991. Transpacific sections at 47N and 152W: distribution of properties. Deep-Sea Res., 38 (Suppl), S63-S82.

Talley, L.D. and T.J. Joyce, 1992. The double silica maximum in the North Pacific., J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5465-5480.

Van Scoy, K. A. D. B. Olson and R. A. Fine, 1991. Ventilation of North Pacific intermediate waters - the role of the Alaskan gyre. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16801-16810.

Wunsch, C., D. Hu and B. Grant, 1983. Mass, heat, salt and nutrient fluxes in the South Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 725-753.

Wyrtki, K., 1975. Fluctuations of the dynamic topography in the Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 450-459.

Indian Ocean water masses and circulation

Fine, R.A., 1993. Circulation of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 2021-2042.

Fu., L.-L., 1986. Mass, heat and freshwater fluxes in the South Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1683-1693.

Godfrey, J.S. and T.J. Golding, 1981. The Sverdrup relation in the Indian Ocean, and the effect of Pacific-Indian Ocean throughflow on Indian Ocean Circulation and on the East Australian Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 771-779.

Mantyla, A.W. and J. L. Reid, 1995. On the origins of deep and bottom waters of the Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2417-2439.

Toole, J. M. and B.A. Warren, 1993. A hydrographic section across the subtropical South Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 40 , 1973-2019. (vertical sections and transport estimates at 32S).

Warren, B.A., 1981. Transindian hydrographic section at Lat. 18\(deS: property distributions and circulation in the South Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 28A, 759-788.

Wyrtki, K., 1973. Physical oceanography of the Indian Ocean. In: Ecological studies. Analysis and synthesis. B. Zeitzschel, Editor, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 3, 18-36.

California Current and other eastern boundary currents

Bakun, A. and C.S. Nelson, 1991. The seasonal cycle of wind-stress curl in subtropical eastern boundary current regions. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1815-1834.

Gill (text), pp. 421-428. (general information on EBC's, information drawn from California Current).

Kosro, P.M. et al., 1991. The structure of the transition zone between coastal waters and the open ocean off northern California, winter and spring 1987. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 14707-14730. (one of many papers in an issue devoted to the coastal transition zone)

Lynn, R.J. and J.J. Simpson, 1987. The California Current system: the seasonal variability of its physical characteristics. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 12947-12966.

Pelaez, J. and J. A. McGowan, 1986. Phytoplankton pigment patterns in the California Current as determined by satellite. Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 927-950.

Smith, R.L., A. Huyer, J.S. Godfrey and J.A. Church, 1991. The Leeuwin Current off Western Australia, 1986-1987, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 323-345.

Sverdrup et al (text), pp. 701-706 (Peru Current and El Nino), pp. 724-727 (California Current).

Equatorial circulation

Bryden, H.L. and E.C. Brady, 1985. Diagnostic model of the three-dimensional circulation in the upper equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceangr., 15, 1255-1273.

Firing, E., 1989. Mean zonal currents below 1500 m near the equator, 159\(deW. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 2023-2028.

Hofmann, E. E., A. J. Busalacchi and J. J. O'Brien, 1981. Wind generation of the Costa Rica Dome. Science, 214, 552-554.

Knox, R.A. and D.L.T. Anderson, 1985. Recent advances in the study of the low-latitude ocean circulation. Prog. Oceanogr., 14, 259-317.

Leetmaa, A. and P. Spain, 1981. Results from a velocity transect along the equator from 125 to 159\(deW. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1030-1033.

Luyten, J.R. and J.C. Swallow, 1976. Equatorial undercurrents. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 999-1001.

Pickard and Emery text: pp.235-252 (Pacific), pp. 270-273 (Indian).

Tsuchiya, M., 1981. The origin of the Pacific equatorial 13\(deC water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 794-812.

Wacongne, S., 1990. On the difference in strength between Atlantic and Pacific undercurrents. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 792-799.

Wyrtki, K. and Kilonski, B., 1984. Mean water and current structure during the Hawaii-to-Tahiti shuttle experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 242-253.

Indian monsoon

Knox, R.A. and D.L.T. Anderson, 1985. Recent advances in the study of the low-latitude ocean circulation. Prog. Oceanogr., 14, 259-317.

Wyrtki, K., 1973. An equatorial jet in the Indian Ocean. Science, 191, 262-264.

U.S. JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study, 1991. U.S. JGOFS planning report, 13, November, 1991. ("gray" literature!)

El Nino/Southern Oscillation

Pickard and Emery text: pp. 256-273.

Philander, S.G., 1990. El Nino, La Nina and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press. Look at the Introduction and Chapter 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, and 1.7.

Rasmussen, E.M. and T.H. Carpenter, 1982. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Nino. Monthly Weather Rev., 110, 354-384.

Wallace, J. M. and S. Vogel, 1994. Reports to the Nation on Our Changing Planet: El Nino and climate prediction. UCAR Office for Interdisciplinary Earth Studies, Boulder, CO.

Atlantic interannual variability

Deser, C. and M.L. Blackmon, 1993. Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during Winter: 1900-1989. J. Climate, 6, 1743-1753.

Dickson, R.R., J. Meincke, S.A. Malmberg, and A.J. Lee, 1988. The "great salinity anomaly" in the northern North Atlantic 1968-19482. Prog. Oceanogr., 20, 103-151.

Kushnir, Y., 1994. Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmospheric conditions. J. Clim., 7, 141-157.

Lazier, J. R. N., 1988. Temperature and salinity changes in the deep Labrador Sea 1962-1986. Deep Sea Res., 35, 1247-1253.

Nitta, T. and S. Yamada, 1989. Recent warming of tropical sea surface temperature and its relationship to the northern hemisphere circulation. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 67, 375-383.

Parilla, G. A., A. Lavin, H. Bryden, M. Garci and R. Millard, 1994, Rising temperatures in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean over the past 35 years, Nature, 369, 48-51.

Roemmich, D. and C. Wunsch, 19484. Apparent changes in the climatic state of the deep North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 307, 447-450.

Swift, J.H., 1984. A recent theta-S shift in the deep water of the northern North Atlantic. Climate Processes and climate Sensitivity, Geophys. Monogr. 29, Maurice Ewing Vol. 5. A.G.U.

Talley, L.D. and M.S. McCartney, 1982. Distribution and circulation of Labrador Sea Water., J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1189-1205.

Pacific interannual variability

Davis, R.E., 1976. Predictability of sea surface temperature and sea level pressure anomalies over the North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 249-266.

Ebbesmeyer, C., D. Cayan, D. McClain, W. D. Nichols, D. H. Peterson and K. Redmond, 1991. Sensitivity of marine biology to climate change in a North Pacific swath. Proceedings of the seventh annual Pacific Climate (PACLIM) workshop, Asilomar, California, April 10-13, 1990.

Hanawa, K., Y. Yoshikawa, and T. Watanabe, 1989. Composite analyses of wintertime wind stress vector fields with respect to SST anomalies in the western North Pacific and the ENSO events. Part I: SST composite. J. Met. Soc. Japan, 67, 385-400.

Trenberth, K.E., 1990. Recent observed interdecadal climate changes in the northern hemisphere. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 71, 988-993.

Trenberth, K.E. and J. W. Hurrell, 1994. Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific. Clim. Dyn., 9, 303-319.